Unit 4 Earthquakes

一、重点单词用法例析

1．rise vi. 上涨；升起

The price of oil has risen a lot. 油价上涨了很多。

After the rain, the river will rise. 雨后，河水将上涨。

The sun rises in the east. 太阳从东方升起。

注：(1) rise的过去式和过去分词分别为：rose, risen。(2) raise vt. 举起，提出，培养

Raise your voice to make yourself heard. 抬高一点声音，以便别人能听到。

Raise your different idea if you like. 如果你喜欢，请提出你的不同见解。

2．destroy vt. 破坏；消灭

The hurricane destroyed the whole village. 飓风破坏了整个村庄。

3．useless adj. 无用的；无效的

His advice is useless. 他的忠告无用。

4．organize vt. & vi. 组织；组织起来

The boys organized the football match after class. 男孩们下课后组织了足球比赛。

5．prepare vt. 准备；调制

His mother is preparing supper. 他母亲在准备晚饭。他的母亲在准备晚饭。

注：prepare sth.准备某事，prepare for sth. 为…做准备，prepare sb. For sth.让某人为…做准备。又如：

The soldiers were preparing for the battle. 士兵们在为战斗做准备。

The teachers prepared their students for the exams. 老师们让他们的学生为考试做准备。

二、词组句型用法例析

1．at an end 结束, 终结，了结

The war in Iraq is not at an end. 在伊拉克的战争还没结束。

The hot weather was at an end at last. 炎热的天气最后结束了。

注：at the end (of) 在…的末尾/尽头。

The thief appeared at the end of the meeting. 那小偷在会议结束时出现了。

2．lie in ruins 成为废墟

After the war, the town lay in ruins. 战后，那小镇成了废墟。

3．dig out 挖出, 翻出

The soldiers dug the dead out of the dirt. 士兵们从泥尘中挖出死亡的人。

4．A (great) number of 大量的

A number of cars were destroyed. 大量的小车被破坏了。

注：A (great) number of后接可数名词的复数形式；作主语时，作复数用；the number of 作主语时，作单数用，因为中心词是the number。

The number of magazines in the library is becoming more and more.

5．give out 分发；发出（气味、热等）

The young couple gave out the candy. 那对年轻的情侣分发了糖果。

真题：Don’t mention that at the beginning of the story, or it may _____ the shocking ending. (NMET2003年北京，23)

A. give away       B. give out      C. give up       D. give off

解析：选A。give away解作“泄漏”。句意为：不要在故事的开头提及这件事，否则会泄漏令人吃惊的结局。give out散发；give up放弃；give off（散）发出。

6．Your speech was heard by a group of five judges, all of whom agreed that it was the…

whom在这引导一个非限制性的定语从句，在介词of后，当先行词是人时，用whom；当先行词是物时，用which。

I know these fans, most of whom are my friends. 我认识这些球迷，大多数都是我的朋友。

真题：There are two buildings, _____ stands nearly a hundred feet high. （NMET2004年湖北,25）

A. the larger    B. the larger of them    C. The larger one that    D. the larger of which

解析：选D。这是考查非限制性定语从句的用法，which在定语从句中指代buildings，作of的宾语。但如果将句中的逗号改为句号，那就该选B了。

7. as可引导一个非限制性定语从句，解为：“正如…一样”。

As we all know, he is our loved chairman. 正如我们知道的一样，他是我们敬爱的主席。

真题：1）_____ is reported in the newspaper, talks between the two countries are making progress. (NMET2004年北京, 34)    A. It     B. As     C. That     D. What

真题：选A。as引导定语从句，意思是“正如…”。句意为：正如报纸上所报道的那样，两国的会谈取得了进展。

2）_____ is known to everybody, the moon travels around the earth once every month. (NMET2001年, 34）   A. It       B. As      C. That      D. What

解析：选B。关系代词as在引导的是一个非限制性定语从句，在从句中作主语，句意为：正如每个人所知的一样，月亮每月围绕地球转一周。

三、课文长句难句剖析

But the one million people of the city, who thought little of these events, went to bed as usual that night.

剖析：who thought little of these events是非限制性定语从句；句中的think highly/well/much/little of意为：对…评价很…，其意义由后面的副词的意义决定；as usual意为：和平常一样。

译文：但城里成千上万的市民不把这些反常的情况放在眼里，那个晚上象往常一样上床睡觉。

四、语法知识归纳梳理——定语从句的用法

定语从句: 在复合句中修饰名词或代词的句子在复合句中充当定语，所以叫作定语从句。

先行词：定语从句所修饰的名词或代词。

关系词：引导定语从句的词有：who, whom, that, which, whose。

复合句 ：The man  who (that) came is Mike.

          先行词   关系代词

1. 若先行词是物，引导词用which，代替先行词在定语从句中充当主语或宾语。如：

This is the pen  which was given by my friend.

        先行词   指物，代替先行词在定语从句中充当主语

This is the pen   which my friend gave to me.

         先行词   指物，代替先行词在定语从句中充当宾语

2. 若先行词是人，引导词用who，代替先行词在定语从句中充当主语或宾语：

The man who is wearing a white suit is my brother.

先行词  指人，代替先行词在定语从句中充当主语

The man who\whom he wanted to see last week is in Shanghai.

先行词   指人，代替先行词在定语从句中充当宾语

She is the girl with whom I went there.

先行词   指人，代替先行词在定语从句中充当介宾且介词于前.

3. 定语从句的关系代词whom的用法: 若先行词指人则代替先行词在定语从句中充当

宾语(包括介词的宾语),与who的区别是如果前面带介词则必须用whom：

This is the teacher whom\who we like best.

       先行词   指人，代替先行词在定语从句中充当宾语

I don’t like the boy to whom you are talking.

先行词  指人，代替先行词在定语从句中充当介宾且介词于前

4. 关系代词that的用法: 先行词是人或物，引导词在从句中充当主语或宾语：

The animal that\which is lost is a panda.

先行词    指物，代替先行词在定语从句中充当主语

She is the person that\who we are worried about.

先行词   指人，代替先行词在定语从句中充当宾语

注意：1、that\which在代物时常常可以通用,但有时只宜于用which,不用that。

        (1) 关系代词前有介词时：This is the hotel in which you will stay.

        (2) 如有两个定语从句,其中一句的关系代词是that,另一句宜于用which：

Let me show you the novel that I borrowed from the library which was open to us.

2、that\which在代物时常常可以通用,但有时只宜于用that,不用which。

        (1) 先行词是形容词最高级或者它的前面有形容词最高级时：

English is the most difficult subject that you will learn during these years.

        (2)  先行词是序数词,或它的前面有一个序数词时：

He is the last person that I want to see.

        (3)  主句中已有疑问词时：Which is the bike that you lost?

        (4)  先行词既有人又有物时：

The bike and its rider that had run over an old man were taken to the station.

(5)先行词是all, much, little, something, everything, anything, nothing, none, the one等代词时：We haven’t got much that we can offer you.

        (6) 先行词前面有only, any, few, little, no, all, one of, the same, the very等词修饰时：Li Ming is the only one that got full marks in our class.

        (7) 有两个定语从句,其中一个关系代词已用which,另外一个宜用that：

Edison built up a factory which produced things that had never been seen before.