虚拟语气

虚拟语气是一种特殊的动词形式, 用来表示说话人所说的话不是一个事实, 而只是一种假设、愿望、建议、可能或纯粹的空想等。

  Look , what you have done ! You should have been more careful . (建议)

                                    看看你做的事, 你本应该多加小心的!

  Without the Chinese Communist Party there would not have been a New China . (假设)

                                          没有共产党, 就没有新中国。

常见的有以下三种情况：

  第一种表示与现在相反的情况，条件从句中谓语动词用过去式，主句中用would/could/might+动词原形。

  If I knew his house , I would lead you there .

          如果我知道他的新住宅，我就会领你去。(事实上我不知道)

  I’d come too if I had time to spare .

              我如果匀得出时间的话, 我也愿意来. (事实上是匀不出时间来)

  If everyone in the country knew first aid, many lives would be saved .

              如果每个国民都懂得急救, 许多生命就会得以挽揪。(事实上便不是都懂得)

第二种表示与过去相反的情况，条件句中谓语动词用had+过去分词，主句中用would/could/might+过去分词。

If he had arrived earlier, he would have met the famous writer.

     如果他早点赶到，他就会见到那位名作家了。(事实上他没有早点赶到)

If the hurricane had happened during the daytime , there would been more deaths .

          如果飓风发生在白天, 死亡的人数会更多. (事实上发生在夜间)

第三种表示与将来相反的情况，条件从句中可用动词过去式，或者用were to do, 或者用 should+动词原形作谓语，主句中用would或could+动词原形。

If I had time, I would see him off at the airport tomorrow .

                       如果我明天有时间，我就到机场给他送行。

If the peasants could farm the land themselves , food production would be much higher . 

                          如果农民能为自己种地, 粮食产量就会高得多。

If it were to rain tomorrow , we should not go out.

如果是明天下雨， 我们就不出去了。

注意: 虚拟条件从句中的if 可以省略 ， 当虚拟条件从句中有动词were , had 或情态动词时， 可将if省略， 但要把从句中的动词were , had 或情态动词放在句首， 变成倒装句。

Were I a bird , I would fly there . 如果我是一只鸟， 我就飞到那里去。

Should he come , tell him to ring me up . 他要是来了, 给我一个电话。

Were I in your position , I would go . 如果我处于你的位置, 我就走。

Had they not helped us , our experiment would have failed.

如果没有他们的帮助, 我们的实验是会失败的.

虚拟语气的其他用法：

(一) 以下两种情况可以不用从句, 表示责备或劝告。

1. “should / ought to+have+过去分词”或 “should/ ought to+have been+现在分词” , 表示 “责备”的意义:肯定式表示该做的事没做, 否定式表示做了不该做的事.

You should / ought to have returned the books to the library last week .

上星期你就该把书还了.

You should have waited till the lights were green before crossing the road.

                                  你应该等绿灯亮了才过马路.

I’m feeling sick. I shouldn’t have eaten so much chocolate.

我觉得恶心. 我本不该吃那么多巧克力.

You shouldn’t have trusted him .                 你本不该相信他.

He oughtn’t to have been driving so fast . 他不应该把车开得那么快.

They ought to have stopped at the traffic lights.

 他们本不应该在红绿灯前停车.

2. “should +be +现在分词” ,表示对现在的劝告或责备

You shouldn’t be reading a novel. You should be reading a textbook .

你不应当看小说 , 你应当看课本.

(二). 用在从句中的虚拟语气

1.      用在主语从句中, 常用在 It is (necessary , strange , important ) that……….  从句中谓语用should+动词原形(should可以省略), 虚拟的语气表示惊讶, 惋惜等意思。

It’s a shame that you treat him like that . 你这样对待他太不像话了。

It is important that we should speak politely . 我们说话要有礼貌, 这是很重要的。

It is necessary that the question should be settled at once. 这个问题必须马上解决。

  2. 用在宾语从句中表示不能实现的愿望。谓语用would +动词原形  , be 都用were

    从句中用过去时, 则表示与现在事实相反; 如果用过去完成时, 则表示与过去事实相反; 如果用would/might +动词原形, 则表示可能实现的愿望。

I wish I were your pupil . 我希望我是你的学生.

I wish I knew how to operate the machine.  我要是操作这架机器该有多好!

I wish he hadn’t gone . 他要是没走多好啊!

I wish we would go to the seaside today .

我们今天能去海边就好了。

I wish you would be quiet . 我希望你安静一些吧。

I wish he might stay with me .

我希望他和我住在一起。

  3. 用在表语从句中, 表语从句由as if 引导, 用过去式。

It looks as if it might rain . 天好像要下雨似的。

  4. 用在状语从句中, 用as if 或as though 引导的状语从句表示比较或方式, 动词用过去式或过去完成时。

   He speaks as if he were an Englishman .

 他说起话来就像他是个外国人似的。

   He treats us warmly as if she were our old friend.

他好像是我们的老朋友一样热情地对待我们。

   My mother looked after the orphan as if he were her own child .

 我母亲照料这个孤儿好象自己的孩子一样。

   They talked happily as if they had known for a long time. 

他们高兴地谈论着好象已认识了很久的样子。

                            与虚拟语气有关的练习

(    )1. He is not a pilot , but he _________ he _________ .

A. wishes ; was                     B. wants ; was

C. wants ; were                     D. wishes ; were

(    )2.They talked as if they _________ friends for years.

A. are            B. were          C. have been         D. had been

(    )3. If you had taken your medicine yesterday , you ________ well now .

A. would have been                  B. should be

C. would be                        D. will be

(    )4. If you _________ harder , you _________ tomorrow’s exam .

A. studied ; will pass                  B. studied ; would have passed

C. had studied ; would pass            D. had studied ; would have passed

(    )5. You ________ ten minutes ago , but you didn’t .

A. come         B. should come  

   C. would have come    D. should have come

(    )6. He insisted that we all _________ in his office at three o’clock .

A. shall be        B. be             C. to be             D. would be

(    )7. It is strange that he _________ such a mistake .

A. have made       B. made         C. has made          D. makes

(    )8. Tom , you are lazy ! This job _______ three days ago .

A. should finish                          B. must have finished

  C. ought to have been finished               D. was about to finish

(    )9. _______ I in good health , I ________ with you .

        A. Were ; will go               B. Was ; went      

C. Was ; should go         D. Were ; would go

(    )10. But for air and water , nothing _________ .

A. can live                    B. will be able to live 

C. could live                   D. couldn’t live

(    )11. ---We could have walked to the station , it was so near .

        ---Yes. A taxi _________ at all necessary .

A. wasn’t                     B. hadn’t been     

  C. wouldn’t be               D. won’t be

(    )12. I didn’t see your sister at the meeting . If she ___________ , she would have met my brother .

       A. has come    B. did come         C. come           D. had come

(    )13. ---If he ______ , he _______that food.

        ---Luckily he was sent to the hospital immediately .

A.     was warned ; would not take                                    

B.     had been warned ; would not have taken

C.     had be warned ; had not taken

D.     would have been warned ; had not taken

(    )14. When a pencil is partly in a glass of water , it looks as if it ________ .

        A. breaks    B. has broken     C. were broken    D. had been broken

(    )15. You didn’t let me drive . If we ________ in turn , you ________ so tired.

        A. drove ; didn’t get                       B. drove ; wouldn’t get

        C. were driving ; wouldn’t get         D. had driven ; wouldn’t have got